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JCSM Shareware Collection 1996 September
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JCSM Shareware Collection (JCS Distribution) (September 1996).ISO
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1994-03-22
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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* *
* AFTER CHERBOURG, THE 4TH DIVISION TURNS SOUTH *
* *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
After helping establish the beachhead and capture
Cherbourg, the 4th Division moved south, where other
divisions were running into determined German resistance
in a countryside filled with small fields. These were
surrounded by hedgerows, piles of dirt topped by shrubs
and trees, which made ideal defensive positions. This
meant the infantry had to fight its way from hedgerow to
hedgerow, a demoralizing and costly operation.
The need to integrate thousands of green men who were
replacing the casualties was a further handicap. As the
4th Division commander, Maj. Gen Raymond O. Barton,
commented with regret, "We no longer have the division
we brought ashore."
There were also a number of command changes. General
Barton sent his Chief of Staff, Col. James S. Rodwell, to
succeed Col. Van Fleet, who left the division to begin his
climb to four stars. The rumor was that General Barton
wanted to give Col. Rodwell combat command experience,
so he could qualify for a star.
Though the fighting was a grim business, there was a
tragicomic moment. A German appeared one day bearing
a white flag. He told our interpreter, Lt. Boatlander, that
his unit wanted to surrender. His commander, however,
wanted an American officer to come to his company
command post. They would go together to the battalion
command post and see if they could persuade the whole
battalion to surrender. Suddenly Col. Rodwell appeared
and wanted to know what was holding up the attack.
When told, he just snorted and said, "Can't you see. They
are just stalling for time. Get on with the attack." When
the interpreter suggested he would like at least to try,
Col. Rodwell said, "Son, you are naive. If you go over
there, they will move you from one headquarters to
another, and first thing you know you will be in Berlin.
Then what will you do?" Boatlander looked as his feet
and replied, "Well, sir, maybe I could end the war."
That ended the discussion. As the German returned to
his lines, Col. Rodwell commented to us, "You men might
as well face it. The Germans are better soldiers than you
are." On this encouraging note, the fighting resumed.
A letter I wrote home about this time reflected optimistic
weariness.
Dear Dad, Somewhere in France, July 5, 1944
Again I say - welcome back to the United States, a grand
place to be. Really regret not being able to be there to
meet you. However, it seems that, as always, the
Germans are hard to convince they are licked, so I'll have
to stay around here a bit longer.
We've sweated out twenty-one days of continuous
engagement from the beach to Cherbourg and came
through in pretty good order, at least better than Jerry
enjoyed. It was pretty tough going at times, but that is to
be expected.
There's no reason not to expect things to go well, and
with continuous efforts on all three fronts, I'm almost
tempted at times to be optimistic.
Love, John
P.S. Less you be getting grey haired about my progress,
I'm in a captain's job as liaison officer to an infantry
battalion.
THE 8TH REGIMENT'S ATTACK ON A GERMAN STRONG POINT AT NIGHT
As a result of the loss of B Battery to a mine during the
landing, Tommy made some changes in the 29th after the
capture of Cherbourg. Capt. Lorton S. (Doc) Livingston,
who had been in the fire control center, was given the
difficult task of forming a new B Battery. I went to the
First Battalion of the 8th Infantry Regiment as liaison
officer, which I joined shortly before it was to make a
night attack. General Barton wanted to eliminate a
bothersome German strong point which lay in the
division's sector. (Note thenear the center of the map
on the facing page.) The official US Army history
describes the results as follows:
"The main obstacle to success was the stream, which was
difficult to cross. Deciding that it could best be crossed
during darkness, General Barton had instructed the
commander of the 8th Infantry to make a surprise move
during the night of 6 July. By sending two battalions over
the stream at night, the units would be in position to
clear the area at daylight, 7 July, thus eradicating a
potential nuisance to the division that might hold up the
advance should the division break through to Périers.
"Though the regimental commander complied with
instructions, one of his battalions could not cross the
stream even at night because of enemy fire. The other
battalion, after having picked its way through the marsh
during the night and made the crossing, found itself in
an untenable position at daybreak and was forced to
withdraw after taking more than a hundred casualties."
(Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, page 231.)
According to an account I wrote shortly after this battle,
the atmosphere on the eve of this operation was one of
improvisation and confusion. Stumbling through trees in
the dark, we took up a position on the edge of the
marsh. After an artillery preparation (which I felt was a
mistake because it would alert the Germans), Companies
A and B moved into the swamp. They were soon pinned
down by German machine gun fire, accompanied by
mortars. Major John H. (Jack) Meyer, the battalion
commander, ordered Company C to move into the marsh.
After a bit the commander of this company, Lt. Joseph
Gude, showed up at the command post and reported that
his company had scattered.
By this time, Col. Rodwell had appeared, to see what was
going on. He said to Gude, "Son, you have to lead your
men. You have to lead them." Gude replied, "That was
the trouble, sir. I was leading them. If I had been behind
them, they wouldn't have been able to run off."
Col. Rodwell did not comment further, but it was clear he
was unhappy. It was embarrassing for him to fail on his
first attack. This was no small matter, since at that time
officers from generals on down were being relieved
because they were not getting results.
During and after the attack, Major Meyer was unhappy
with me. The forward observers could not see anything in
the dark and hence would have been unable to direct the
artillery where to fire. I was unwilling to see these officers
and their radio operators risk being killed for no purpose
and told them not to join the companies until daylight.
Major Meyer complained to Lt. Col. Thomason about this.
I am not sure what transpired between them, but, after
hearing my explanation, Tommy left me as liaison officer
to the battalion.
The Germans in the strong point subsequently withdrew
without a fight when the division's advance threatened to
cut them off. After they left, I visited the site and saw
that it had been a terrible mistake to ask infantry to
attack it head on. The Germans were well dug in and
able to direct deadly fire across the marsh from covered
dugouts, using cords attached to their exposed machine
guns.
There was also evidence that the Germans had left in a
hurry. The body of a German was lying on the ground,
beside an improvised stretcher. His head was lying
several feet away. Nearby, the bodies of American soldiers
were piled up like cord wood four feet high, with a little
earth scattered over those on top.
Lt. Thomas H. Crawford from Company B, in a post
combat interview which I got from the National Archives,
told about crossing the marsh the day after the attack.
He described it as "a pathetic scene." Equipment was
scattered all over the place. He added that he saw about
thirty dead in the First Battalion sector. He also talked to
a wounded man from the 83rd Division, which had failed
in an earlier attack on the peninsula, who had spent
three days in the swamp. He survived by eating the
rations he found on his dead comrades.
Until I revisited this site in 1992 and wrote this account,
it was difficult for me to recall that night without tears
coming to my eyes. I wish I could say that this attack
was the last needless operation in which the 4th Division
would be involved, but worse was yet to come after we
reached Germany.
MY TWENTY-FOURTH BIRTHDAY AND PROBLEMS WITH THE INFANTRY
A letter home a week after this attack did not reflect the
anger and horror I had experienced. By then I was
preoccupied with the coincidence that my mother chose
Bastille Day to bring me into the world.
Dear Folks, July 14, 1944, Somewhere in France
Well, your son has reached the mature age of
twenty-four. I don't know how old he was before the
invasion began, but you may be assured he is
considerably older - and perhaps wiser - than he was
then. I trust you all are celebrating my birthday with ice
cream and cake. I celebrated it yesterday with my first
white bread since landing and my first real meal.
There is only one thing I really miss now - a bath.
Haven't had one since D-day. There has been neither the
time nor facilities. However, I manage to stay fairly clean
out of my steel helmet, and the day seldom passes
without my at least getting a shave.
Glad to hear that dad and Bud are home. That's the best
news I've received in many months. Just be patient, and
before you know it I'll be back too, and we'll all be
together again.
Love, John
My problems with the First Battalion staff were, however,
not over. My predecessor, Lt. Charles M. Gudger, had
been popular because he was very active at the front,
conducting artillery fire. (As a result of casualties, he had
no forward observers.) Having forward observers, my task
was to coordinate their activities and be liaison between
the infantry battalion staff and the artillery fire control
center. I could not do this if I was running all over the
countryside. (No doubt this cautious approach was also
influenced by my father's injunction to be careful.)
To quiet rumors that I was afraid to go to the front, one
day I went forward and conducted fire against a German
tank on the next hedgerow. All I managed to do was
knock a few tree branches down, but this served its
purpose. The infantry battalion staff gradually accepted
my view of my role. Furthermore, events a short time
later allowed me to demonstrate that, when it served a
purpose, I was as willing as others to take risks.